docs: Enhance MkDocs configuration with advanced features and styling

- Upgrade MkDocs Material theme with modern navigation and UI features
- Add comprehensive markdown extensions and plugin configurations
- Introduce new JavaScript and CSS for improved documentation experience
- Update documentation requirements with latest plugin versions
- Implement dark mode enhancements and code block improvements
- Expand navigation structure and add new documentation sections

docs/javascripts/mathjax.js

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+window.MathJax = {
+    tex: {
+        inlineMath: [["\\(", "\\)"]],
+        displayMath: [["\\[", "\\]"]],
+        processEscapes: true,
+        processEnvironments: true
+    },
+    options: {
+        ignoreHtmlClass: ".*|",
+        processHtmlClass: "arithmatex"
+    }
+};